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| . | Parto (labor) by Domingo Garcia Criado, 2004, 17" x 34." | ||||||||||||
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Chapters of Careers of Midwives in a Mayan Community [I. Introduction] |
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| Juana, who was 51 in 1975, has
been practicing for 15 years. She is the most popular midwife and has the
largest clientele.* By Pedrano standards she is the "ideal" midwife,
comely, virtuous, quiet-spoken, self-assured, competent, dignified, and
compassionate, with indisputable supernatural credentials, and by now her
skill in dealing with difficult deliveries that other midwives have given
up as hopeless has become legendary.
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*Of a total of 203 San Pedro births in 1973, Juana delivered 72, or 35%. Her closest rivals delivered 57 and 32 cases, respectively. The remaining 42 cases were delivered by four midwives.
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| Juana is the second of six
surviving children. Maria, her older sister, was born after three children
died in infancy. Juana's mother came from a wealthy Indian family. Her
maternal great-grandmother was a midwife. Juana's father, a shaman who
specialized in curing insanity, came from a poor family. However, he'
strategically married Juana's mother and, by agreeing to uxorilocal
residence, took over the management of his wife's estate.
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| When she was growing up, Juana
was modest, obedient, and respectful, mastering the required feminine
skills of grinding and weaving, in contrast to her older sister, who was
recalcitrant, "lazy," and constantly at odds with her parents. Unlike
Maria, who was "temperamental," Juana was quiet and would sometimes sit in
the doorway just "gazing off into space" while she embroidered her
father's pants. Her mother never disturbed her when she found her doing this. Daydreaming is generally discouraged, but children with special destinies are permitted, even expected, to show early signs of their presumed mystical tendencies. Nothing was ever said explicitly to Juana concerning her destiny, for to speak or boast of it might bring death to the girl from the supernaturals or from the envidia (envy) of other Pedranos. Furthermore, parents fear that if word got around their daughter might not get a husband. For what young man will court a girl who is to become a midwife?
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| On more than one occasion Juana,
as a child of destiny, was taken to a shaman by her parents to have
protective costumbres (rites) performed for her. In the church, candles
were burned and prayers were addressed to Santa Ana, chief of the "twelve
Marias," the patron saints of childbirth. Under cover of darkness, the
party would secretly go to native shrines on the outskirts of the village.
Here candles, incense, and rum were offered by the shaman to the ancestral
spirits of former San Pedro midwives, to other ancestor spirits, and to
the supernatural lords of the many domains of nature and of calendric
time.
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| Periodically, Juana observed the
midwife who visited her own mother. Around this woman, called iyom
in Zutuhil-Maya, there was an aura of awe and suppressed excitement. But
Juana and the other children were told only that a new child had been
"bought" from the extranjeros (foreigners). Whenever the iyom
appeared everyone would kiss her hand respectfully, as they now kiss
Juana's. One time the midwife put her hand on young Juana's head and told
her she too would be an iyom one day, but it would be a long time before
the child knew what meaning to attach to the word.
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| Juana repeatedly had enigmatic
dreams around her twelfth and thirteenth years. One of these dreams
resembled what Eliade (1964) calls the "ecstatic journey" characteristic
of shamans. "In my dream an old man, all in white, with white hair and
white beard, appeared," Juana recalls. "He tucked me under his arm like a
bundle. He held me tight and we flew far far away, just like birds, over
many towns and strange places. No, I wasn't afraid. It was very beautiful.
I looked down from the sky and saw the houses like tiny toys down below.
Everything looked so pretty. After a long time of flying, he brought me
back."
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| Knowing nothing then of sex or
reproduction, Juana says she felt both frightened and "strange" when she
had a dream in which she saw a woman with her legs spread apart, her skirt
up, and a ''bloody'' baby coming out of her. "A woman all in pure white
from head to toe handed me a white cloth and showed me how to receive the
baby." When she told her mother of the "funny sight—a baby emerging from
its mother's anus," her mother only scolded her and sharply warned her
never to reveal her dreams. "Being a child, I naturally told my cousins
the next day and got a hard beating when the story got back to my mother.
She warned me that I would die if I talked about it again." After that
Juana kept her dreams to herself. Juana now interprets her early dreams as previsionary revelation of "primal" mysteries of creation, as early
evidence of her mystical vocation. Juana's mother and her culture made
clear to her that her dreams were sacred, that to reveal the forbidden
mysteries she had seen could be fatal. She claims, as do all midwives, not
to have understood the significance of her adolescent dreams until much
later when she was to become a midwife.
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| Other midwives similarly report
having had dreams of childbirth and of ecstatic journeys around the time
of puberty. This time coincides with the period when courtship starts for
most girls in San Pedro, a time of heightened sensitivity and
self-awareness. But during the two decades or so of childbearing following
marriage, the mystical identity seems to recede into latency while the
young woman is preoccupied with the usual transitions to adult roles and
with the pains and pleasures of every normal woman's life in San Pedro.
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| Unlike most other Pedrano girls
of that period who chose to be "stolen" (Paul and Paul 1963), Juana did
not run off with a suitor to his parent's house. Instead she agreed to
marry him only if he would live with her parents. Her husband's family had
less property than Juana's but he too came from a family of some
distinction. His paternal grandfather and aunt were divinely chosen
bonesetters, famous in distant towns as well as in San Pedro.
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| Juana's mother, on her deathbed
in 1958, a year before Juana herself fell ill, revealed to Juana her own
divine destiny, unfulfilled because of vergüenza (shame) and fear of her husband's
violent temper. She entrusted Juana's birth sign, the treasured piece of
amniotic sac, to Juana's father, to be revealed at the proper time. Juana
says her mother died prematurely young because of her failure to exercise
her own mandate to be a midwife.
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| Juana had already lost six of
her ten children when her mother died. For over a year she suffered
weakness, shortness of breath, "heavy heart," a variety of aches and
pains-the classic symptoms of grief described by Lindemann (1944). Finally
she was "forced to stay in bed," a rare event for stoically trained Indian
women. She was unable to eat or drink, grew weak, and slept only fitfully.
She did not respond to pills, herbs, or prescription medicines. She lost
weight, grew "thin" (wasted), and began having strange dreams.
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| In her dreams Juana was visited
by big, fat women, all in radiant white, who told her that she was sick
and that her children had died because she was not going out to help the
women in childbirth. These were the spirits of dead midwives. When she
tried to sleep, the spirits would appear. They would grab her ears and
scold her, tell her that she would die and her husband would die if she
did not exercise her calling. They reminded her that she had already lost
six children. You were punished, they said, because you did not pay
attention to those who gave you the virtud. Now, if you continue to
hesitate your other children will also die. Remember, they reminded her,
that your mother died because you did not obey God's call.
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| When Juana protested that she
was too ignorant and incompetent, that she knew nothing about the skills
that a midwife must have, the spirits assured her they would instruct her.
They showed her the signs of pregnancy, how to massage the pregnant woman,
and to· palpate the abdomen to feel if the fetus was in correct position
for delivery. They demonstrated "external version" (turning the fetus). In
her dreams she saw graphically a woman delivering a baby. The spirits
showed her how to hold the white cloth with which to receive the fetus and
how to clean the newborn infant. They showed her how to cut the cord and
interpret its markings. They instructed her not to cut the umbilical cord
before the placenta was presented. They showed her how the umbilical cord
must be followed back up to the placenta in case it does not come out, and
the placenta removed manually if necessary. They showed her how to "smoke"
a woman with embers from the fire in such cases. They told her they would
always be present, though invisible, at deliveries to help her. The
spirits instructed her how to bind the woman's abdomen after delivery to
"hold the organs in place." "All these things I saw," Juana says, and in
addition, they taught her prayers and ritual procedures.
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| When she related her disturbing
dreams to her husband, he protested. He did not want her to go about the
village as a midwife, neglecting the household and their children.
Finally, he too fell ill and was visited in his dreams by the women in
white. They scolded him, saying he must tell his wife to start practicing,
or both would die. Juana's father, in his capacity as shaman, was finally
consulted about their dreams. He lit candles in the house, burned incense,
and performed divination rituals. He confirmed the warnings of the spirits
and ceremoniously brought out the proof, the birth sign entrusted to him
by her mother. Juana began to regain her strength.
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| Shortly thereafter, as Juana was
returning from the lake, a curiously shaped white bone about nine inches
long suddenly skipped down the road before her. She was frightened and
dared not touch it. That night the women in white appeared again and
instructed her to pick up the bone. They said, "This is your virtud,
you must keep it always, never show it to anyone, guard it carefully." The
next day the bone reappeared in her path. She obeyed the spirits, and
picked it up. When she arrived home, the magic bone was no longer in her
shawl but in her cabinet, already waiting for her. Soon afterward a small
knife also appeared magically in her path. This time she did not hesitate,
but picked it up and carried it home. This she uses to cut the umbilical
cord.
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| Finding her objects was the
final sign. Juana's father urged against further delay. He performed
nightlong costumbres this time, keeping Juana and her husband on
their knees for many hours. In the ritual rhetoric of shamans, he summoned
and addressed the patron saints and the ancestral guardians of childbirth,
the deities of hills, waters, rains, winds, the masters and spirit
guardians of all domains. He begged forgiveness for all the sins of Juana
and her relatives, both past and present, promising the supernaturals that
Juana would fulfill their command willingly and with a good heart. He
assured the spirits that her husband bowed to their mandate and would give
his wholehearted support to the selfless sacrifice she was about to make
for the sake of the women of San Pedro. On the following day the standard
ritual gift for a shaman, a cooked chicken and a basket of tortillas, was
sent to her father, now remarried and living again in his natal town.
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| On our return to San Pedro in
1962 we found that Juana, then 37, had been practicing midwifery for two
years. Juana's reputation as a midwife was early enhanced by her
successful delivery of twins in a breech presentation. The case had been
given up as hopeless by another midwife. Her career was a frequent topic
of conversation among Pedranos, both male and female. Her supernatural
experiences and her "miraculous" obstetrical skills were already becoming
legendary, recounted with dramatic effects and in the lowered tones
Pedranos characteristically use when speaking of native supernatural
phenomena, as opposed to Christian deities. Blending new elements with the
traditional, Juana performs the special rituals for children born with
divine destinies, as well as the rituals of purification that end the
eight-day postpartum period (Paul and Paul 1975). The combination of faith
in her supernatural power, confidence in her medicine and new methods, and
a relationship based on trust seems to predispose her patients to
experience relatively easy deliveries. Yet the concept of painless
"natural childbirth" is unknown to her. When one of her patients laughed
and talked throughout labor and the delivery, Juana worried that the
patient might be crazy.
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| Because a midwife may not become
pregnant, Juana began using birth control pills in 1962. Two years later
she was using an I.U.D. But for the last decade she and her husband have
not shared a bed. "How would it look" she says, if I, a midwife, went out
pregnant to see my patients. A fine sight I would be! What a shame! And a
sin!" Moreover it could be dangerous for her patients, she adds. Once her
case load increased to sizable proportions, she announced to her husband
that she could no longer sleep with him. "As a midwife, I must think first
of my patients," she pointed out. Pedranos view sex as polluting, and
therefore dangerous to the woman in childbirth. Juana told her husband she
would not blame him even if he left and refused to provide food and
clothing for her and their children, but that she had no choice. She even
advised him to find someone else to satisfy his sexual needs. "Not an
angry type of man," he agreed to her celibacy but pleaded with her for
"just one more time," she recounted amidst gales of laughter.
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| In a sense Juana solved the
problem of her relationship with her husband years in advance, by
selecting the suitor who agreed to live on her home ground rather than
his. This gave her preferential treatment in inheritance and enabled her
to acquire her own house and a unique measure of independence. It also
ensured for her a husband who was less concerned about his manliness than
are the many Pedrano men who balk at uxorilocal marriage. But her
husband's initial resistance to her career was real, the resistance of a
normal Pedrano husband, just as Juana's illness and suffering prior to
practicing were real.
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| Juana's economic independence, her husband's own familial background and his regard for the sacred professions, the mix of their temperaments, all facilitated Juana's final emergence as a full-fledged ritual specialist, but she was too successfully socialized as a normal woman to make the transition without a crisis of identity (her illness). | |||||||||||||
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Chapters of Careers of Midwives in a Mayan Community [I. Introduction] |
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| LINKS TO SECTION PAGES |
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